核素导航-Pro, 交互式核素图, 参考软件

核素图

NuclideNavigator-Pro的主界面是核素图表，可以以多种信息视图显示，包括通用电气、卡尔斯鲁厄和三线性格式。通用电气(General Electric)和卡尔斯鲁厄(Karlsruhe)格式使用的是一种通用布局，其核素网格由垂直轴上的质子数和水平轴上的中子数定义，这样通用元素的同位素就会按行显示。不过他们使用不同的配色方案，其中通用电气视图代表核素半衰期和中子截面，卡尔斯鲁厄代表核素衰变模式。三线性格式，在两种配色方案中都有，在对角线上排列同位素。当“下移”衰变链时，该布局将垂直导航用于β衰减，将水平移动用于α衰减，而不是与传统网格布局关联的对角线移动。该图表也可以限于自然系列(钍，镎，铀，锕)，以简化对这些衰变链的评估。

通过直观的查询工具，可以很容易地找到γ和α射线的来源。它不仅可以为潜在的核素匹配设定一个能量范围，还可以通过核素产生模式、半衰期和二次发射进行过滤。这些附加信息可以极大地提高搜索结果的质量，帮助能谱专家评估分析结果并优化库。

Nuclide and Element Emission Data
Nuclide Properties are accessed by double-clicking a nuclide in the Chart of the Nuclides or a peak energy in the Peak Search results. The properties page includes basic nuclide information, such as half-life, energy emissions for the ground and metastable states, parent nuclides, and daughter nuclides with their generation probabilities. Clicking on the parent and daughter nuclides will navigate up or down the decay chain as applicable.

Energy emission type can be switched between gamma, beta, and alpha emissions and sorted by energy or branching ratio. A synthetic spectrum for the associated radiation type is also available with gamma spectra based on either high or low resolution detector types. These synthetic spectra give the spectroscopist a good idea of what to expect with different types of instrumentation and can be used as a teaching aid in lieu of actual measurement data. The spectrum images and the data behind them are also available for use in other software applications including spreadsheets and presentations.

Comprehensive reports of nuclide and emissions data can be generated for a subset of nuclides from the master libraries using the Library Lister. The content of the report is controlled through selectable parameter options including the decay mode, energy range, parent/daughter nuclides, and several other useful parameters.

Elemental Properties are accessed by double-clicking an element box in the Chart of the Nuclides. The properties page includes basic elemental abundance information and x-ray energies/intensities for the different electron shells. This information is invaluable when assessing x-ray emissions of different materials associated with detector shielding, attenuation layers, and sample matrices.

Library Manager
The Library Manager greatly simplifies the generation of application specific libraries. Simply load a master library and drag the desired nuclides to the Target library list. Preferences can also be set to restrict which nuclides and peaks are copied to the Target, and the content can be manually adjusted as necessary for the intended library use. Target libraries can be saved to the standard ORTEC library format for use in applications such as GammaVision or saved to an XML format that is readable in any text editor or can be processed by custom applications if desired.

Decay Calculator
NuclideNavigator-Pro’s Decay Calculator makes it easy to perform and visualize complex decay calculations. It includes calculations for simple decay of a single nuclide, parent-daughter decay, full decay chains, user-defined nuclide groups, and Cf-252 with neutron count rate. The results for each nuclide and total activity are displayed graphically in addition to being available in comprehensive reports. A synthetic spectrum of gamma emissions in high (HPGe) or low (Sodium Iodide) resolution format is available when assessing full Decay Chains. This spectrum view can be useful for relatively simple parent-daughter relationships and the complex natural decay chains that include numerous nuclides.

Periodic Chart of the Elements and Units Converter
The Periodic Chart of the Elements is a rich, interactive resource for element properties. The main interface is the classic Periodic Table with informative color coding associated with chemical groups and the physical form of the element at room temperature. Basic physical properties are displayed as the mouse is moved over the elements and more detailed chemical properties are accessed by double-clicking the element. A short history for each element is available by right-clicking the element.

The Units Converter is a useful utility program for converting common measurement units. Simply enter a value for the known units and instantly calculate the value for the desired units.

Measurement types include: Angle, Area, Density, Flow, Force, Length, Mass, Power, Pressure, Radiation – Activity, Radiation – Exposure, Radiation – Absorbed Dose, Radiation – Dose Equivalent, Temperature, Time, Velocity, and Volume. Most of the common units for each measurement are available for conversion — and quite a few uncommon ones!

References

Master Nuclear Data Libraries

• NuDat 2.6 [10-21-16]: National Nuclear Data Center, information extracted from the NuDat 2 database, http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/, and supplemented with Fission yields and Neutron cross sections referenced below.
• TORI-99c5x: Table of Radioactive Isotopes, The Isotopes Project at LBNL, http://ie.lbl.gov/toi/ supplemented with Cascade coincidence data derived from ENSDF, Positron annihilation data from PC_NuDat-04, and Fission yields and Neutron cross sections referenced below.
• PC_NuDat-04: National Nuclear Data Center, http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/.
• Erdtmann_Soyka: The Gamma Rays of the Radionuclides, G. Erdtmann and W Soyka, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1979.
• NNDC-Prompt: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 2004.
• RSICC-Prompt: THERMGAM, DLC-140, 1981, RSICC, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, https://rsicc.ornl.gov.
• CapGam-2013: National Nuclear Data Center, information extracted from the CapGam data, http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/capgam.

• The Isotopes Project at LBNL, http://ie.lbl.gov.

• T. R. England and B. F. Rider, LA-UR-94-3106, ENDF-349.

• S. F. Mughabghab, M. Divadeenam and N. E. Holden, Neutron Cross Sections from Neutron Resonance Parameters and Thermal Cross Sections, Academic Press (1981).

• Synthetic emission spectra for gamma rays and alpha particles are generated using algorithms developed by the author for typical HPGe and NaI sensors. A significant amount of credit is due to the published works of, and private communications with Ray Gunnink.
• Beta particle shapes are generated using the equations associated with the standard (Fermi) theory of beta decay. Coulomb corrections for positrons are non-relativistic point-charge approximations. Corrections for electrons are calculated using the equations from G. K. Schenter and P. Vogel, Nuclear Science 1983, Volume 83, page 393-396.

• H. Bateman, The solution of a system of differential equations occurring in the theory of radioactive transformations, Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc., v.15 (1910) 423-427.
• M. Amaku, P.R. Pascholati, V. R. Vanin, Decay chain differential equations: Solution through matrix algebra, Computer Physics Communications 181 (2010) 21-23.

• Based on the “History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers” generated by Norman E. Holden, National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory.